Hexanenitrile 25ml

Introduction

Hexanenitrile belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nitriles. Nitriles are compounds having the structure RC#N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on hexanenitrile.

1.     Atmospheric chemistry of Hexanenitrile: Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of CH3(CH2)4CN with Cl atoms and OH radicals

Ole John Nielsen ^a, Cecilie Litske Carstens ^a, Jonathan Wilson Lengkong ^b, Karen L. Vo ^b, Simone Thirstrup Andersen ^a, Mads P. Sulbaek Andersen .

Abstract

Smog chamber/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to measure the kinetics of the reaction of CH₃(CH₂)₄CN, 1-cyanopentane, with Cl atoms and OH radicals: k(CH₃(CH₂)₄CN + Cl) = (1.34 ± 0.22) × 10⁻¹⁰ and k(CH₃(CH₂)₄CN + OH) = (2.84 ± 0.66) × 10⁻¹² cm³ molecules⁻¹ s⁻¹ at a total pressure of 700 Torr of air or N₂ diluents at 296 ± 2 K. The atmospheric oxidation of alkyl nitriles proceeds through hydrogen abstraction leading to several carbonyl containing primary oxidation products. Based on the OH radical rate constants the atmospheric lifetime of CH₃(CH₂)₄CN was estimated to be 4 days.

Graphical abstract

  Introduction

There is a growing interest in halogenated nitriles as replacement compounds for compounds with higher climate impact [1], [2]. Before any large-scale production and industrial use of these types of compounds, detailed knowledge of their atmospheric chemistry is warranted to assess their potential environmental impact.  

Previous studies of the atmospheric chemistry of nitriles have been limited to HCN, CH₃CN and CH₂=CHCN. Phillips was the first in 1979 to report a rate constant for the HCN + OH reaction at 298 K of 1.06 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ [3]. In 1981 Harris et al. reported rate constants for the reaction of OH radicals with CH₃CN, C₂H₅CN and CH₂____CHCN [4]. The reaction of OH radicals with HCN proceeds via an HCN____OH adduct. Cicerone and Zellner speculated on the pathways of the HCNOH adduct [5]. There has been two studies on the kinetics of the reaction of CH₃CN with OH radicals [6], [7]. There is one products study of the Cl and OH radical initiated oxidation of CH₃CN [8] and a number of theoretical studies on reactions of OH radicals with different nitriles [9], [10].

There are no previous studies of the atmospheric chemistry of long chain alkyl nitriles. In the present study, we investigated the reaction of 1-cyanopentane, CH₃(CH₂)₄CN, with Cl atoms or OH radicals at 296 ± 2 K.

2.      Section snippets

1.      Experimental method

The experiments were conducted in the CCAR (Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research) photoreactor. At the core of this setup is a 101 L quartz reactor interfaced with a Bruker IFS 66 v/s FTIR spectrometer. See Nilsson et al. [11] for details. All experiments in the present work were performed at 296 ± 2 K in 700 Torr of air or N₂ diluent. Using an analytical path length of 43.45 m, IR spectra were obtained by averaging 32 interferograms with a spectral resolution of 0.25 cm⁻¹. When analyzing the

2.      Relative rate study of CH₃(CH₂)₄CN + Cl

The rate of Reaction (5) was measured relative to Reactions (6), (7). Experiments were performed both in N₂ and air.CH3(CH2)4CN+Cl→Products+HCIC2H2+Cl→ProductsC2H4+Cl→ProductsInitial reaction mixtures were 13.0–15.5 mTorr CH₃(CH₂)₄CN, 0.730–2.92 mTorr C₂H₂ or C₂H₄ and 73.3–108 mTorr Cl₂ in a total pressure of 700 Torr of N₂ or air diluent. Total UV-B irradiation times were between 11 s in N₂ and 93 s in air.

Linear least squares analysis of the data in Fig. 1 give rate constant ratios of k₅/k₆ = 2.57 ± 

3.      Implications for atmospheric chemistry

The present work serves to improve our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of CH₃(CH₂)₄CN and, by analogy, other longer chain alkyl nitriles. Cl atoms and OH radicals react with CH₃(CH₂)₄CN with rate constants of k(CH₃(CH₂)₄CN + Cl) = (1.34 ± 0.22) × 10⁻¹⁰ and k(CH₃(CH₂)₄CN + OH) = (2.84 ± 0.66) × 10⁻¹² cm³ molecules⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. Reaction occurs at the middle CH₂groups. CH₃(CH₂)₄CN is not expected to undergo photolysis by UV radiation in the actinic region [3]. The overall atmospheric lifetimes of

1.      Acknowledgement

JWL thanks CSUN for a research scholarship and CSUN Associated Students for a travel grant.

1.     Hexanenitrile sc-235307

2. SUPPLIER Company: Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.
3. Address: 2145 Delaware Ave
4. Santa Cruz, CA 95060
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1.      ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS

1. SWALLOWED

• Accidental ingestion of the material may be harmful; animal experiments indicate that ingestion of less than 150 gram may be fatal or may produce serious damage to the health of the individual.
• Nitrile poisoning exhibits similar symptoms to poisoning due to hydrogen cyanide. The substances irritate the eyes and skin, and are absorbed quickly and completely through the skin. The use of the term “organic nitriles” should be discouraged.
• Cyanide poisoning can cause increased saliva output, nausea without vomiting, anxiety, confusion, vertigo, dizziness, stiffness of the lower jaw, convulsions, spasm, paralysis, coma and irregular heartbeat, and stimulation of breathing followed by failure. Often the skin becomes cyanosed (blue-gray), and this is often delayed. Doses which are not lethal are eventually excreted in the urine.

2. EYE

• This material can cause eye irritation and damage in some persons.

3. SKIN

• This material can cause inflammation of the skin oncontact in some persons. • The material may accentuate any pre-existing dermatitis condition.
• Skin contact with the material may damage the health of the individual; systemic effects may result following absorption.
• Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material.
• Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.

4. INHALED

• The material can cause respiratory irritation in some persons. The body’s response to such irritation can cause further lung damage.
• Inhalation of vapors or aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material during the course of normal handling, may be damaging to the health of the individual.

2.      CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

• Long-term exposure to respiratory irritants may result in disease of the airways involving difficult breathing and related systemic problems. Limited evidence suggests that repeated or long-term occupational exposure may produce cumulative health effects involving organs or biochemical systems. Chronic exposure to cyanides and certain nitriles may result in interference to iodine uptake by thyroid gland and its consequent enlargement.

This occurs following metabolic conversion of the cyanide moiety to thiocyanate. Thyroid insufficiency may also occur as a result of metabolic conversion of cyanides to the corresponding thiocyanate. Exposure to small amounts of cyanide compounds over long periods are reported to cause loss of appetite, headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, abdominal pain, changes in taste and smell, muscle cramps, weight loss, flushing of the face, persistent runny nose and irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. 

These symptoms are not specific to cyanide exposure and therefore the existence of a chronic cyanide toxicity remains speculative. Repeated minor contact with cyanides produce a characteristic rash with

itching, papules (small, superficial raised spots on the skin) and possible sensitization. Concerns have been expressed that low-level, long term exposures may result in damage to the nerves of the eye.

3.       FIRST AID MEASURES

• IF SWALLOWED, REFER FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION, WHERE POSSIBLE, WITHOUT DELAY.
• Where Medical attention is not immediately available or where the patient is more than 15 minutes from a hospital or unless instructed otherwise.
• For advice, contact a Poisons Information Center or a doctor.
• Urgent hospital treatment is likely to be needed.
• If conscious, give water to drink.
• INDUCE vomiting with fingers down the back of the throat, ONLY IF CONSCIOUS. Lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain open airway and prevent aspiration.
• In the mean time, qualified first-aid personnel should treat the patient following observation and employing supportive measures as indicated by the patient’s condition.
• If the services of a medical officer or medical doctor are readily available, the patient should be placed in his/her care and a copy of the MSDS should be provided. Further action will be the responsibility of the medical specialist.
• If medical attention is not available on the worksite or surroundings send the patient to a hospital together with a copy of the MSDS.

1.      EYE

If this product comes in contact with the eyes:

• Wash out immediately with fresh running water.
• Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from eye and moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the upper and lower lids.
• If pain persists or recurs seek medical attention. Removal of contact lenses after an eye injury should only be undertaken by skilled personnel.

2.      SKIN

If skin contact occurs:

• Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear
• Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available).
• Seek medical attention in event of irritation.

3.      INHALED

• If fumes or combustion products are inhaled remove from contaminated area.
• Lay patient down. Keep warm and rested.
• Prostheses such as false teeth, which may block airway, should be removed, where possible, prior to initiating first aid procedures.
• Apply artificial respiration if not breathing, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary.
• Transport to hospital, or doctor, without delay.

4.      NOTES TO PHYSICIAN

Signs symptoms of acute cyanide poisoning reflect cellular hypoxia and are often non-specific. Cyanosis may be a late finding. A bradycardia, hypertensive and tachypneic patient suggests poisoning especially if CNS and c ardiovascular depression subsequently occurs. Immediate attention should be directed towards assisted ventilation, administration of 100% oxygen, insertion of intravenous lines and institution of cardiac monitoring. Obtain an arterial blood gas immediately and correct any severe metabolic acidosis (pH below 7.15). Mildly symptomatic patients generally require supportive care alone. Nitrites should not be given indiscriminately – in all cases of moderate to severe poisoning, they should be given in conjunction with thiosulfate.

 As a temporizing measure supply amyl nitrite perles ( 0.2ml inhaled 30 seconds every minute) until intravenous lines for sodium nitrite are established. 10 ml of a 3% solution is administered over 4 minutes to produce 20% methemoglobin in adults. Follow directly with 50 ml of 25% sodium thiosulfate, at the same rate, IV. If symptoms reappear or persist within 1/2-1 hour, repeat nitrite and thiosulfate at 50% of initial dose. As the mode of action involves the metabolic conversion of the thiosulfate to thiocyanate, renal failure may enhance thiocyanate toxicity. 

Methylene blue is not an antidote. [Ellenhorn and Barceloux: Medical Toxicology] If amyl nitrite intervention is employed then Medical Treatment Kits should contain the following: One box containing one dozen amyl nitrite ampoules Two sterile ampoules of sodium nitrite solution (10 mL of a 3% solution in each) Two sterile ampoules of sodium thiosulfate solution (50 mL of a 25% solution in each) One 10 mL sterile syringe. 

One 50 mL sterile syringe. Two sterile intravenous needles. One tourniquet. One dozen gauze pads. Latex gloves A “Biohazard” bag for disposal of bloody/contaminated equipment. A set of cyanide instructions on first aid and medical treatment. – Notes on the use of amyl nitrite .AN is highly volatile and flammable – do not smoke or use around a source of ignition. If treating patient in a windy or draughty area provide some shelter or protection (shirt, wall, drum, cupped hand etc.) to prevent amyl nitrite vapor from being blown away. Keep ampoule upwind from the nose, the objective is to get amyl nitrite into the patient’s lungs. 

Rescuers should avoid AN inhalation to avoid becoming dizzy and losing competence. Lay the patient down. Since AN dilates blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, lying down will help keep patient conscious. DO NOT overuse – excessive use might put the patient into shock. Experience at DuPont plants has not shown any serious after-effects from treatment with amyl nitrite.

4.      FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Alert Emergency Responders and tell them location and nature of hazard. May be violently or explosively reactive. Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves for fire only. Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course. 

If safe, switch off electrical equipment until vapor fire hazard removed. Use water delivered as a fine spray to control fire and cool adjacent area. Avoid spraying water onto liquid pools. Do not approach containers suspected to be hot. 

Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location. If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire. Equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated after use.

GENERAL FIRE HAZARDS/HAZARDOUS COMBUSTIBLE PRODUCTS

Liquid and vapor are flammable. Moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor forms an explosive mixture with air. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor may travel a considerable distance to source of ignition. Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of containers. On combustion, may emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (CO). Combustion products include: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), other pyrolysis products typical of burning organic material.

5.      ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

MINOR SPILLS

 Environmental hazard – contain spillage. Remove all ignition sources. Clean up all spills immediately. Avoid breathing vapors and contact with skin and eyes. Control personal contact by using protective equipment. Contain and absorb small quantities with vermiculite or other absorbent material. Wipe up. Collect residues in a flammable waste container.

FOOTNOTES

• PROTECTIVE ACTION ZONE is defined as the area in which people are at risk of harmful exposure. This zone assumes that random changes in wind direction confines the vapour plume to an area within 30 degrees on either side of the predominant wind direction, resulting in a crosswind protective action distance equal to the downwind protective action distance.
• PROTECTIVE ACTIONS should be initiated to the extent possible, beginning with those closest to the spill and working away from the site in the downwind direction. Within the protective action zone a level of vapour concentration may exist resulting in nearly all unprotected persons becoming incapacitated and unable to take protective action and/or incurring serious or irreversible health effects.
• INITIAL ISOLATION ZONE is determined as an area, including upwind of the incident, within which a high probability of localised wind reversal may expose nearly all persons without appropriate protection to life-threatening concentrations of the material.
• SMALL SPILLS involve a leaking package of 200 litres (55 US gallons) or less, such as a drum (jerrican or box with inner containers). Larger packages leaking less than 200 litres and compressed gas leaking from a small cylinder are also considered “small spills”. LARGE SPILLS involve many small leaking packages or a leaking package of greater than 200 litres, such as a cargo tank, portable tank or a “one-tonne” compressed gas cylinder.
• Guide 131 is taken from the US DOT emergency response guide book.
• IERG information is derived from CANUTEC – Transport Canada.

Question

1.      What is hexanenitrile?

Formula: C₆H₁₁N. Molecular weight: 97.1582. IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C6H11N/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h2-5H2,1H3. IUPAC Standard InChIKey: AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N.

2.     What is the state of hexene?

colorless liquid

1-hexene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum like odor. Flash point -9 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air…

3.     What is the use of hexane?

Hexane is used to extract edible oils from seeds and vegetables, as a special-use solvent, and as a cleaning agent. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to high levels of hexane causes mild central nervous system (CNS) effects, including dizziness, giddiness, slight nausea, and headache.

4.     What is the difference between hexene and hexane?

Hexane has all single C-C bonds. Hexene has a single C=C bond replacing one of the C-C bonds. There is only one form of Hexane, there are three forms of Hexene – Hex-1-ene, Hex-2-ene and Hex-3-ene – not to mention that with Hex-2-ene and Hex 3-ene there are cis- and trans- isomers – there are no isomers of hexane.

5.     How to make hexene?

In the past, the major process to produce 1-Hexene was Full Range Process which applies the oligomerisation reaction of ethylene. But this process generates various alpha-olefins (Carbon number: C4 – C30+) due to the feature of the reaction.

6.     What means hexene?

In organic chemistry, hexene is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C ₆H ₁₂. The prefix “hex” is derived from the fact that there are 6 carbon atoms in the molecule, while the “-ene” suffix denotes that there is an alkene present—two carbon atoms are connected via a double bond.

7.     Why is hexane good?

The high evaporation rate of hexane allows this solvent to extract the largest amount of oil in the quickest amount of time. In addition, hexane is effective to use because it produces no toxic fumes which makes it a safe solvent for users as it does not raise any health concerns.

8.     Is hexane stronger than water?

Hexane is more volatile than water because of the weaker intermolecular forces between its molecules compared to those in water. Water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with each other, which require more energy to break and cause evaporation.

9.     Which hexene is most stable?

Here in this case 2,3 dimethyl -2-hexene is the one with least number of hydrogens. So the most stable among the given compounds is 2,3 dimethyl -2-hexene.