Introduction
Dysprosium Chloride Hexahydrate is an excellent water soluble crystalline Dysprosium source for uses compatible with chlorides. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal.
They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds. Dysprosium Chloride Hexahydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Dysprosium(III) Chloride Solution. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available.
Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Magnesium chloride is a kind of chloride. Colorless and easy deliquescence crystals. The salt is a typical ionic halide, soluble in water. Hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from sea water or salt water, usually with 6 molecules of crystal water.
It lose crystal water when heated to 95℃ and starts to break down and release the hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas when above 135℃. It’s the raw material of industrial production of magnesium, found in sea water and bittern. Hydrated magnesium chloride is a prescription of oral magnesium supplementation commonly used material.
1. Preparation and reactions
DyCl3 is often prepared by the “ammonium chloride route”, starting from either Dy2O3 or the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O.[3][4][5] These methods produce (NH4)2[DyCl5]:
10 NH4Cl + Dy2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 NH3 + 3 H2O
DyCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[DyCl5] + 6 H2O
The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation:
(NH4)2[DyCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + DyCl3
The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of (NH4)[Dy2Cl7].
Treating Dy2O3 with aqueous HCl produces the hydrated chloride DyCl3·6H2O, which cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride:[4]
DyCl3 + H2O → DyOCl + 2 HCl
Dysprosium(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, which ranks as “hard” according to the HSAB concept. Aqueous solutions of dysprosium chloride can be used to prepare other dysprosium(III) compounds, for example dysprosium(III) fluoride:
DyCl3 + 3 NaF → DyF3 + 3 NaCl
2. Uses
Dysprosium(III) chloride can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other dysprosium salts. Dysprosium metal is produced when a molten mixture of DyCl3 in eutectic LiCl-KCl is electrolysed. The reduction occurs via Dy2+, at a tungsten cathode.[6]
3. Dysprosium Chloride Solution
Dysprosium Chloride Solutions are moderate to highly concentrated liquid solutions of Dysprosium Chloride. They are an excellent source of Dysprosium Chloride for applications requiring solubilized materials. American Elements can prepare dissolved homogeneous solutions at customer specified concentrations or to the maximum stoichiometric concentration. Packaging is available in 55 gallon drums, smaller units and larger liquid totes.
American Elements maintains solution production facilities in the United States, Northern Europe (Liverpool, UK), Southern Europe (Milan, Italy), Australia and China to allow for lower freight costs and quicker delivery to our customers. American Elements metal and rare earth compound solutions have numerous applications, but are commonly used in petrochemical cracking and automotive catalysts, water treatment, plating, textiles, research and in optic, laser, crystal and glass applications.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Dysprosium Chloride. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food,
Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
4. Ultra Dry Dysprosium Chloride
American Elements specializes in producing Dysprosium Chloride in an ultra dry form for use as a compound in semiconductors and other High Purity applications. Ultra Dry Dysprosium Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European
Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
5. Dysprosium Chloride, Anhydrous
Dysprosium Chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Dysprosium source for uses compatible with chlorides. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal.
They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds.
Dysprosium Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Dysprosium Chloride Solution.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
6. Dysprosium(III) Perchlorate Hexahydrate Solution
Dysprosium(III) Perchlorate Hexahydrate Solution is generally immediately available in most volumes. Perchlorates are salts derived from perchloric acid and are commonly used within the pyrotechnics industry. Perchlorates are both naturally occurring and manufactured.
Although they do not typically explode or catch fire, most mixtures of perchlorates with organic compounds are reactive. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available. Please request a quote above to receive pricing information based on your specifications.
7. About Dysprosium
French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated dysprosium oxide from an impure sample of holmium oxide in 1886. He had great difficulty deriving the metal itself from the oxide, and thus named the element from the Greek dysprositos, meaning “hard to get”. It is unsurprising that the metal was so hard to isolate, as significant pure quantities of many of the rare earth elements could not be obtained until ion exchange techniques were developed in the 1950s.
A number of compounds containing dysprosium emit light under defined conditions, making them useful for a number of applications. Dysprosium-doped calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride crystals luminesce when they have been exposed to radiation, and thus are used in dosimeters for measuring radiation exposure. Dysprosium iodide and bromide are used in metal-halide lamps, which produce extremely bright white light that is valued in the film industry.
Additionally, dysprosium compounds can be used to produce infrared light and are often used in infrared lasers.
Dysprosium and its compounds are also valued for their magnetic properties. Easily magnetized dysprosium compounds can be used in data storage applications such as hard drives, and dysprosium is often used to substitute for some of the neodymium in neodymium-iron-boron magnets. Substituting these high-powered magnets with dysprosium increases their corrosion resistance and coercivity.
Neodymium magnets are essential for electric motors, magnetic memory devices such as hard drives, and many other modern electronics. Dysprosium-containing garnets with magnetic properties are used in magnetic refrigeration devices, which can be used to reach extremely low temperatures. Finally, Terfenol-D is an alloy of terbium, iron, and dysprosium that is magnetostrictive: it contracts or expands when exposed to magnetic fields.
This property allows direct conversion between electrical and mechanical power, and the alloy is used in sensors, actuators, and acoustic and ultrasonic transducers, and active noise and vibration cancelling devices.
Dysprosium is highly effective at absorbing neutrons, and is therefore used in nuclear reactor control rods. It can also be used to produce nanofibers that have high strength and are naturally corrosion resistant, and these have the potential for use as reinforcement in ceramic materials designed for high-temperature applications.
Dysprosium, like other rare earth elements, is never found in its pure form in nature. It can be obtained only from rare earth containing minerals such as xenotime, monazite, and bastnasite, or from ion-adsorption clays.
Dysprosium Properties
Dysprosium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. elemental form, CAS 7429-91-6, dysprosium has a silvery-white appearance. Dysprosium is found in various minerals including bastnäsite, blomstrandine, euxenite, fergusonite, gadolinite, monazite, polycrase and xenotime. It is not found in nature as a free element. Monazite sand is the primary commercial source of dysprosium. Dysprosium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. The element name originates from the Greek word ‘dysprositos’ meaning hard to get at.
Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Dysprosium
Dysprosium is moderately toxic. Safety data for Dysprosium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Dysprosium.
8. About Chlorine
Chlorine in the form of hydrochloric acid has a long history of use; as a component of aqua regia, it was used by alchemists in their experiments as early as the fourteenth century. Pure hydrochloric acid, however, was not produced until centuries later, and its chemical constituents were not known.
In 1774, Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to document the production of a yellow-green corrosive gas, now known to be elemental chlorine, from a reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium oxide. However, it was a common view in chemistry at the time that all acids must contain oxygen, which initially led to the conclusion that this acid-like gas must be a compound.
Despite the poor understanding its chemistry, chlorine gas quickly found practical use: in 1785, Claude Berthollet began using it to bleach textiles, shortly thereafter more convenient bleaching agents, calcium and sodium hypochlorites, came into widespread use as textile bleaches and disinfectants. Science finally came to understand the elemental nature of chlorine gas in 1810, thanks to the experimental work of Sir Humphry Davy, who named the element from the Greek chloros in reference to the distinctive color of its gaseous phase.
Chlorine continued to find additional applications throughout the eighteenth century. The photosensitivity of silver halides, including silver chloride, was widely exploited for the production of photographic images starting in 1839, and the organochlorine compound chloroform was first used as an anesthetic in 1847.
In 1892, the introduction of the chloralkali process allowed the first production of chlorine on an industrial scale, an advancement which allowed for even more widespread use of chlorine in bleaches, antiseptics, and photography–all applications which continue today–as well as for expanded use of chlorine in industry.
Millions of tons of chlorine are produced and used each year, a fact that reflects the enormous importance of chlorine in modern industry. A large percentage of this chlorine is used directly in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a versatile and ubiquitous plastic used in everything from water pipes to clothing. Additionally, a significant amount of chlorine is processed to hydrochloric acid, a workhorse of an industrial chemical that finds direct use in steel production, desulfurizing petroleum products, modifying pH in oil wells, coagulating latex, and in many forms of food processing, including the refining of sugar.
Hydrochloric acid is also used to produce many other important chlorine chemicals, including metal chlorides and chlorosilanes. Metal chlorides have many uses: nickel chloride is used for nickel electroplating, zinc chlorides are used for galvanizing and as an electrolyte material in certain types of batteries, iron chloride is used in water treatment, hydrated aluminum chlorides are used in deodorants, iron and aluminum chlorides are important catalysts in organic synthesis, and several metal pentachlorides are used for chemical vapor deposition of their constituent metals in the form of thin films.
Chlorosilanes are essential for the production of high purity silicon used in the semiconductor industry in the production of silicones.
Organochlorine compounds may be produced using a variety of chlorine-containing reagents and have a vast range of functions. Low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloromethanes and tetrachloroethylene are vital non-polar solvents, used in applications such as degreasing and dry cleaning. A number of important herbicides and detergents are also organochlorine compounds. Organochlorine intermediates are used in the production of many types of polymers, including polycarbonates, polyurethanes, silicones, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
Additionally, a significant percentage of pharmaceutical ingredients are organic compounds containing chlorine.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are classes of organochlorine compounds that were once found in a broad range of products, but which have since been largely phased out of use due to the discovery of their potential for damage to health and the environment. CFCs were used as refrigeration fluids, propellants in aerosols, and as solvents, but unfortunately were found to cause considerable damage to the earth’s ozone layer.
They have since been replaced in most applications by the much less damaging hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). PCBs are known to cause both acute symptoms from large exposures and cancer when they accumulate in the body over time. Once used as plasticizers, fire retardants, and coolants, and found in adhesives and paints, PCBs have now been completely banned in some countries, while others have significantly limited their use.
Chlorine’s relationship to biological organisms is somewhat paradoxical. Chlorine ions, usually obtained in the form of sodium chloride–table salt–are absolutely necessary for life: the human body uses them to maintain pH and electrical charge balances in body fluids, makes hydrochloric acid to breakdown food in the stomach, and even produces hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) compounds to help destroy infectious agents.
However, chlorine in the form of gas, concentrated hydrochloric acid, or many other chlorine compounds is quite toxic. Chlorine gas has been used as a chemical weapon, and many other chemical warfare agents are chlorine compounds.
Chlorine Properties
Chlorine is a Block P, Group 17, Period 3 element. Its electron configuration is [Ne]3s23p5. The chlorine atom has a covalent radius of 102±4 pm and its Van der Waals radius is 175 pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-44-0, chlorine is a yellow-green gas. Chlorine is the second lightest halogen after fluorine. it has the third highest electronegativity and the highest electron affinity of all the elements making it a strong oxidizing agent. It is rarely found by itself in nature. Chlorine was discovered and first isolated by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. It was first recognized as an element by Humphry Davy in 1808.
Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Chlorine
Safety data for Chlorine and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental Chlorine.
Question
1. What is the use of dysprosium chloride?
Uses. Dysprosium(III) chloride can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other dysprosium salts. Dysprosium metal is produced when a molten mixture of DyCl3 in eutectic LiCl-KCl is electrolysed. The reduction occurs via Dy2+, at a tungsten cathode.
2. What is strontium chloride hexahydrate?
Description. Strontium chloride hexahydrate is a precursor to prepare strontium chromate which is used as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum. It is involved in the synthesis of cadmium sulfide core photocatalytic nanoparticles. It is used as a red coloring agent in pyrotechnics.
3. What is iron chloride hexahydrate?
Iron trichloride hexahydrate is a hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of iron trichloride. It has a role as an astringent and a Lewis acid. It is a hydrate, an inorganic chloride and an iron coordination entity. It contains an iron trichloride.
4. What are 2 common uses of dysprosium?
Dysprosium is used in control rods for nuclear reactors because of its relatively high neutron-absorption cross section; its compounds have been used for making laser materials and phosphor activators, and in metal halide lamps.
5. What is the purpose of chloride?
It helps to regulate the amount of fluid and types of nutrients going in and out of the cells. It also maintains proper pH levels, stimulates stomach acid needed for digestion, stimulates the action of nerve and muscle cells, and facilitates the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide within cells.
6. What is the work function of dysprosium?
Dysprosium is used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation. Crystals of calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride are doped with dysprosium.